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Rainbow Demo v1.3a
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Appendices
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1996-09-06
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Appendices
----------
A - Getting your ROMs/files onto your Mac
-----------------------------------------
IMPORTANT: Please read these instructions carefully. The author will not accept
any responsibility for any damage or loss of data resulting from the advice
given here.
This is done in two steps - creating a disk file of the ROM image and then
transferring over to the Mac.
Step One
--------
Creating a DOS file of the OS ROM image is simple. If you have a 400 or 800, the
OS ROM is 10K in size. Run the following program
5 REM CREATE 10K 400/800 ROM FILE - 10240 BYTES
10 OPEN#1,8,0,"D:ROM10K"
20 FOR K=55296 TO 65535 : PUT#1,PEEK(K) : NEXT K
30 CLOSE #1
which saves the ROM onto disk. For XL machines, run the following. The ROM is
16K in size.
NOTE: Only the full shareware version emulates the 800XL.
5 REM CREATE 16K XL OS ROM FILE - 16384 BYTES
10 OPEN#1,8,0,"D:ROM16K"
20 FOR K=49152 TO 53247 : PUT#1,PEEK(K) : NEXT K
30 POKE 54017,PEEK(54017)-128
40 FOR K=20480 TO 22527 : PUT#1,PEEK(K) : NEXT K
50 FOR K=55296 TO 65535 : PUT#1,PEEK(K) : NEXT K
60 CLOSE #1
To create an image of BASIC use
5 REM CREATE 8K BASIC FILE - 8192 BYTES
10 OPEN#1,8,0,"D:BASIC"
20 FOR K=40960 TO 49151 : PUT#1,PEEK(K) : NEXT K
30 CLOSE #1
Step Two
--------
That's the easy bit. This step involves transferring the files over to the Mac.
Luckily the modem port on the Mac is a RS232 port, so you'll need an 850 Interface
Module...
[Atari computer] --> [850 Module] ===== cable =====> [Mac]
+
[Disk drive]
and a cable. Don't worry, this cable is very easy to make.
Below is a diagram of the ports, looking INTO THE BACKS of the Mac and
850 unit.
Mac 8 pin mini-modem Atari 850 9 pin D connector
• 8 • 7 • 6 • 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1
• 5 • 4 • 3 • 9 • 8 • 7 • 6
• 2 • 1
You only need to make 2 connections...
Mac modem 850 port (PORT 1)
--------- -----------------
PIN 8 (GND) PIN 5 (GND)
PIN 5 (RECEIVE DATA) PIN 3 (SEND DATA)
Ideally you should make a cable with a 9-pin D connector, 8 pin mini DIN line plug
and some 2 core electrical cable. But you can probably get away with just using
2 pieces of insulated wire (about a metre in length) and pushing the ends
into the sockets.
Now to send a file from your Atari 8bit to the Mac. Type in the following program
in Atari BASIC and save to disk.
5 REM XFER - TRANSFER A FILE TO MAC
10 POKE 559,0
20 REM SET UP HEX TABLES FIRST
25 DIM A(256),B(256)
30 FOR K=0 TO 255
40 HI=INT(K/16)
50 LO=K-HI*16
55 HI=HI+48 : REM now convert hex to ASCII...
56 LO=LO+48
60 IF HI>57 THEN HI=HI+7
70 IF LO>57 THEN LO=LO+7
80 A(K+1)=HI
90 B(K+1)=LO
100 NEXT K
110 REM
200 REM NOW SEND THE FILE!
210 OPEN #4,4,0,"D:ROM10K" : REM open file to send
220 OPEN #7,8,0,"R1:"
230 XIO 36,#7,14,0,"R1:"
240 FOR K=1 TO 10240 : REM send all the bytes in the file
250 GET#4,BYTE
260 PUT#7,A(BYTE+1)
270 PUT#7,B(BYTE+1)
280 NEXT K
290 CLOSE #7
300 CLOSE #4
310 POKE 559,34
Lines 25 to 100 set up hexadecimal character tables for bytes 0 to 255.
Line 10 switches off the screen which speeds up transfer by 33%. Line 310 turns
it back on. You may want to leave the screen turned on (i.e. omit line 10) in case
there are any error messages. Once it's working, leave line 10 in.
Lines 220 and 230 set up PORT 1 for output to the Mac at a transfer rate of 9600
bits per second (baud rate). A loop then reads the file from disk a byte at
a time and sends it in hex to the Mac.
Lines 210 and 240 are set up above ready to transfer the 10K OS ROM file.
BUT DON'T RUN THIS YET!
You now need some kind of communications software for your Mac to receive the
data. My favourite is Zterm which is shareware and widely available.
Set Zterm to 9600 baud rate. Make sure the 'capture' window is clean of
all spurious text.
NOW REBOOT YOUR ATARI AND RUN THE TRANSFER PROGRAM.
Your DOS boot-up disk must contain the AUTORUN.SYS file which loads up
the RS232 handler code. This file is created using SETUP.COM which comes
with Atari DOS 2 or later. Without the RS232 handler booted, the XFER program
will return an error code 130 at line 220. All being well, you should hear a
high pitched squeal just before getting the READY prompt.
On running XFER, you should see the bytes displayed in the capture window in hex.
The complete transfer will take some minutes. When finished, select entire text
and save the selection with the name UNHEX.IN and place the file in the same
folder as the UNHEX application.
Finally launch UNHEX. This application reads UNHEX.IN and creates the binary
file UNHEX.OUT, stripping any carriage returns (byte = 13) in UNHEX.IN. (These
carriage returns are added by Zterm, not the RS232 handler.)
Pay attention to the number of bytes unhexed... it should EXACTLY MATCH THE
NUMBER SENT (see line 240 above). If not, repeat the entire process (quit Zterm
and re-boot your Atari just to be sure).
If the transfer is unreliable too often, try dropping the baud rate to 4800 in
Zterm and change the 14 in line 230 to 13.
If it's the 400/800 OS, rename UNHEX.OUT as OP_SYSTEM. All being well, you
can launch Rainbow and get the blue 'Memo Pad' screen up.
Hooray!
Advertisement: The full shareware version comes with an application
called TinyTerm. Using this you will be able to transfer whole disk
images from your 8bit to the Mac in under 5 minutes. You will still
need the 850 interface module and cable.
B - Rainbow technical details
-----------------------------
For those who like to revel in technical specs, here's the list for Rainbow.
Hardware:
• NMOS 6502 processor
• Accepts 400/800 and 800XL/130XE OS
• 48K RAM for 400/800 machines; full 64K RAM for 800XL; 128K RAM for 130XE
• Emulates the 5200 video console system
• NMI and IRQ interrupt emulation
• 8K and 16K cartridge support; 16K and 32K cartridges for 5200
• 16K Super Cartridge support
• Low level SIO emulation allows access to virtual disk images
• Supports single and enhanced density images and ATR images
• Disk drives D1: and D2: available
• Import/export files to and from your Mac hard disk
• Full keyboard
Graphics:
• 256 Atari colours
• Complete playfield generation (ANTIC modes 2 to 15)
• Narrow, Normal and Wide playfields
• GTIA support giving 3 extra colour modes
• Colour artefacting in GRAPHICS 8
• Display List Interrupts
• Player/Missile Graphics
• Full Player/Missile/Playfield collision detection
• Player/Missile priorities (mutually exclusive and non-exclusive)
• Fine scrolling
• PAL/NTSC screen option
Others:
• POKEY timers 1, 2 and 4
• Sound with 4 channels of pure tones and improvised noise
• Four joysticks support using keypad
• Four paddles support using mouse
C - Why won't this game work???
-------------------------------
Okay, you've tried everything and your favourite game still won't run properly.
Go through the following checklist.
- Try the game with and without BASIC inserted. On the XL, keep the OPTION
key (Shift and num lock on the Mac) pressed to disable BASIC when re-booting.
- Does it need an XL/XE machine?
- Does it need the very old 'A' version of the 400/800 OS? Some software did
do naughty things like jumping in and out of OS routines when they should
have used vectors.
- If you're trying to run a BINARY FILE, then the loader/DOS you use may affect
it. Some games I've tried simply won't run using the L option in Atari
DOS 2.5 but do run successfully on another e.g. SmartDOS. The best loaders
are the tiny ones which take only a second to boot up. Experiment and see
which work best for you.
- Some games may need the 'Every' frame option to work properly or for the
graphics to behave and look right.
- Are you sure your file or disk image is not corrupted?
- Turn 'Cheat Mode' off.
- Have you got the correct joystick/paddle active?
- If the screen seems unstable, try checking the the 'PAL' option under
'TV' menu.
If all this fails, then it's down to the limitations of the emulator. Although
Rainbow is a very good emulator, at the end of the day, it's just that... an
approximation of the real thing.
Some games may include illegal (or undocumented) 6502 machine code instructions
to protect the code against hackers. Since they are undocumented, their
behaviour is not well known but a good attempt has been made to include all of
them in Rainbow, the information coming from a number of sources (with inevitable
contradictions...). This is just another possible reason why some games won't
run properly.
D - The 'Atari computer crash' alert box
----------------------------------------
Now and again, you will encounter this alert box. Although it looks horribly
ominous, it's nothing to get worried about and no damage is done to Rainbow
or your Mac.
It means the CPU has just executed an illegal opcode which is known to freeze
the machine. So rather than let the emulator just sit there and do nothing,
it informs you of this.
The only way out of such a crash is to switch the emulator off and on, i.e.
re-boot.
If you hold the Control key down on the re-boot, the cartridge is removed and
drive#1 turned off. This is useful to get out of a continual crash sequence,
e.g. bad boot disk.
Pressing SYSTEM RESET to get out of a game can often result in a 'crash'
and is nothing to worry about. Pity Rainbow can't recreate some of those
spectacular graphics when a real 8 bit crashes... I used to sit there for hours
engrossed in crashing the machine just to see the pretty colours.
Ahem...
E - Rainbow icons
----------------
Use ResEdit to get your existing files to display the colourful Rainbow icons.
The creator code is 'RBOW' and useful types are 'DSKS', 'DSKE' and 'CART'. Leave
the 'Inited' box unchecked on exit. The required icon should appear immediately on
the Desktop (if it was generic before). Else you may have to re-build the desktop.
F - Using the 5200 emulation mode
---------------------------------
"Smoke 'em if you've got 'em"
Those fortunate enough to have access to Atari 5200 ROM images will find this
new feature quite fun. You will also need the 2K monitor ROM image.
The 5200 is a stripped down 400/800 with 16K RAM, ANTIC, GTIA and POKEY. The keypad
only has the 10 digit keys, # (SHIFT 3), * (SHIFT 8) and RESET, START and PAUSE (
mapped to where the XL HELP key is on Rainbow).
ROM images are either 16K or 32K in size. Rainbow does not mimic the analogue
nature of the 5200 joysticks but this should not matter for most games.
Easy way to get the ROM:- Take one 5200 and remove covering to reveal
the circuit board. Locate the ROM (same size as other Atari ROM chips and has
'ATARI' written on it. Pull it out. Now get an ordinary Atari 400/800 cartridge, e.g.
BASIC. Take out the left ROM chip and put the 5200 ROM in its place. Put cartridge in
Atari computer and turn it on. If you were lucky, you will go into the MEMO PAD or
TEST ROM or DOS depending on your computer. If it crashes, put the left ROM chip back
into the BASIC cartridge and replace the right chip with the 5200 ROM. Booting up into
DOS allows you save the ROM area ($A000 to $BFFF). Transfer this over to the Mac
as per usual and use HexEdit to surgically remove the 5200 ROM image. You can't
miss it, it's either at offset 800h-FFFh or 1800h-1FFFh. Save the 2K part as 'OP_5200'
and away you go.
Many of the 90 or so 5200 games play okay... however there are still some
joystick/movement problems with about 10 - 15 games.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments and suggestions to...
E-mail: jx91@cityscape.co.uk
WWW : http://www.cityscape.co.uk/users/jx91/emulators.html
Rainbow (c) 1995-6 by Chris Lam.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------